The flow of water within a muscle fiber may dictate how quickly muscle can contract, according to a new study.
The flow of water within a muscle fiber may dictate how quickly muscle can contract, according to a University of Michigan study.
They also found that muscle exhibits a new kind of elasticity called odd elasticity that allows muscle to generate power using three dimensional deformations, shown in a common observation that when a muscle fiber contracts lengthwise, it also bulges perpendicularly. "Muscle fibers are composed of many components, such as various proteins, cell nuclei, organelles such as mitochondria, and molecular motors such as myosin that convert chemical fuel into motion and drive muscle contraction," Shankar said."All of these components form a porous network that is bathed in water. So an appropriate, coarse-grained description for muscle is that of an active sponge.
But in smaller organisms, such as flying insects who are beating their wings a few hundred to a thousand times per second, these contractions are too fast for neurons to directly control. Here fluid flows are more important. But when muscle converts chemical fuel into mechanical work, it can produce energy like an engine, violating the law of the conservation of energy. In this case, muscle shows a new property called"odd elasticity," where its response when squashed in one direction versus another is not mutual. Unlike the rubber band, when muscle contracts and relaxes along its length, it also bulges out perpendicularly, and its energy does not stay the same.
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