An icon of anthropogenic extinction: Xerces Blue butterfly genome sequenced elife
). After this timepoint the trends differ. We estimated a continuous decrease in Xerces Blue population size in parallel to the Wisconsin Glacial Episode, which started about 75,000 years ago. However, both the modern and the historical Silvery Blue do not appear to have been negatively affected by this event , suggesting different adaptive strategies to cope with cooling temperatures and/or food plant availability.The two historical samples are those with higher average coverage.
We subsequently explored the heterozygosity of each individual and found that Xerces Blue had 22% less heterozygosity on average than the Silvery Blue historical samples, a difference that is statistically significant . We searched for runs of homozygosity that can indicate the existence of inbreeding in a dwindling population.
We identified amino acid-changing alleles that may be suggestive of a deleterious genetic load associated with long-term low population numbers in the Xerces Blue.
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