Kristel is a science writer based in the U.S. with a doctorate in chemistry from the University of New South Wales, Australia. She holds a master's degree in science communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Her work has appeared in Drug Discovery News, Science, Eos and Mongabay, among other outlets.
Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest global health challenges. Our most potent antibiotics become less effective as bacteria mutate and develop new defense strategies against these drugs. So, how fast can bacteria develop antibiotic resistance? Although it depends on the species of bacteria and many other factors,"essentially it can be instantaneous to several days of evolution," Mark Blaskovich, a medicinal chemist and co-founder of the Centre for Superbug Solutions at The University of Queensland in Australia, told Live Science.
"Selection pressure that leads to new mutations that are able to provide resistance can happen in one generation, or at the point of doubling." Some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, could divide or double every 20 minutes. Because they reproduce so rapidly, they tend to pass on more genetic changes during each doubling compared with more complex organisms, such as humans, whose cells divide roughly every 24 hours. That means that a mutation that helps the bacteria evade antibiotics can be passed on to their offspring or others in the population in that amount of time, Blaskovich said. The likelihood of developing antibiotic resistance also depends on the type of bacteria and antibiotics. Many antibiotics need to enter the cells to be effective. Because of that, Gram-negative bacteria, which have an outer cell membrane, tend to be more resistant than Gram-positive bacteria thanks to the added layer of protection. In 2016, researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School filled a table-sized petri dish with E. coli bacteria and the antibiotic trimethoprim, which normally kills bacteria that cause urinary tract infections. They divided the massive petri dish into nine sections, with antibiotic concentrations in each section ranging between zero and 1,000 times the lethal dose for E. coli. Related: Dangerous 'superbugs' are a growing threat, and antibiotics can't stop their rise. What can? The scientists found that in just 11 days, the entire population had acquired mutations that made it resistant to even the highest antibiotic concentration tested in the experiment. Sign up for the Live Science daily newsletter nowGet the world’s most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox. By submitting your information you agree to the Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy and are aged 16 or over. The Evolution of Bacteria on a âMega-Plateâ Petri Dish - YouTube Watch On But this is at the population level, Blaskovich noted. With a study like this,"you're missing out on the nuances of what's going on within individual cells within that population," he said. What's more, when antibiotics fail in the clinic, it's typically because of the growth of bacteria that already have resistance genes, as opposed to bacteria evolving new antibiotic resistance mutations over the course of treatment, Blaskovich said. So, in real patients, it could take even less time for a population of bacteria to become resistant than it did in the petri dish experiment, he said. Occasionally, a small number of bacteria may survive antibiotics better than the others in the population. These"fitter" bacteria likely grow better than the rest of the population. There are four common ways bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance: by modifying their cell walls to stop antibiotics from entering cells, by pumping antibiotics out of cells, by changing the bacterial protein that the antibiotic targets, and by producing enzymes that disable the antibiotic. HIDDEN RESISTANCEScientists have found a secret 'switch' that lets bacteria resist antibiotics — and it's been evading lab tests for decades—Bacteria that switch antibiotic resistance on and off are going undetected. Microbiologist Karin Hjort is on a mission to find out how they do it.Each of these mechanisms takes a different amount of time to evolve, Blaskovich said. For example, antibiotics that bind to a bacterial target controlled by a single gene could potentially fuel rapid mutation, especially when the mutation does not interfere with the organism's internal function. On the other hand, if resisting the antibiotic requires changes that inhibit critical functions in the bacteria, resistance could take much longer to emerge. One way scientists and clinicians are overcoming antibiotic resistance is by using a combination of drugs with different mechanisms of action. In this way, each antibiotic will have less influence on the evolution of a particular resistance mechanism. "Over the last 20 to 30 years, we're getting a better understanding of the properties that allow antibiotics to penetrate inside of bacteria," Blaskovich said."The biggest roadblock, really, to antibiotic development is just the lack of people doing it."
United States Latest News, United States Headlines
Similar News:You can also read news stories similar to this one that we have collected from other news sources.
University of California regents ban political statements on university online homepagesThe University of California Board of Regents are banning employees from posting political statements on the homepages of university websites, saying such comments could be interpreted as the university’s official view. The UC Board of Regents voted for the policy on Thursday.
Read more »
University of California regents vote to ban political statements on university online homepagesSAN FRANCISCO (AP) — The University of California Board of Regents voted Thursday to ban employees from posting political statements on the homepages of
Read more »
University of California regents ban political statements on university homepagesThe University of California Board of Regents are banning employees from posting political statements on the homepages of university websites, saying such comments could be interpreted as the university's official view.
Read more »
New York City, New York (US) job with Columbia University Irving Medical Center- Department of PediatricsThis opportunity to join the Department of Pediatrics at the Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons at the rank of Postdoctoral Research Scientist is an exciting one. Columbia University Irving Medical Center, one of the nation’s foremost academic health science centers.
Read more »
New York City, New York (US) job with Columbia University Department of PathologyThe Department of Pathology and Cell Biology at the Columbia University Medical Center would like to recruit a Computational Postdoctoral Research Scientist to work in the lab of Dr. Andrew Teich. Our lab focuses on Alzheimer’s disease, but through collaborations we also have projects that address other neurodegenerative diseases of aging.
Read more »
Coventry design students to help pen new British supercarNew Autocar-backed competition for Coventry University design students will see them design new Riversimple
Read more »