Attention spans are shrinking. Here are some reasons why according to science, and what we can do to keep from getting distracted.
With too many distractions and choices, people have less self-control, less persistence, and less accuracy. I’m a full professor and the chair of the psychology department at my university, which means I frequently give hour-and-a-half-long lectures for classes and conferences, and even more frequently sit through such lectures.
But even though I’ve been at this for years, I can’t for the life of me pay attention through an entire session. My mind wanders to other things I have to do that day, what I’m making for dinner that night, or how many emails I’m going to inevitably have to deal with when I get back to my office.
I’ve tried practicingto be more present and live in the moment, but it’s not easy to sit and concentrate on my breathing for several minutes without myoff. I can’t even concentrate on a task at work long enough that I’m not glancing at my phone every few minutes. If this sounds familiar to you, you’re not alone.
A group of researchers followed adults in their jobs over an extended period and monitored what they did on their devices and how long they stayed on just one task. The researchers found that adults averaged three minutes on a single task without getting distracted by something else; they barely spent more than two minutes on any software or paper document before switching . The data look even worse for college students.
In another study, researchers examined college students’ computer behavior over 10 hours and found that the average time college students spent on a single task without switching wasIn fact, 20 percent of all content students interacted with was only viewed for five seconds or less, and 75 percent—that’s almost all of the content they engaged with for 10 hours—was viewed for less than a minute . That might be true, but in general, multitasking comes at a cost .
Research has shown that when you’re engaged in a task, and you switch to something else, even just briefly—maybe you’re working on writing something for your job and quickly look at your phone to answer a text—you’re going to be slower and less accurate at the original task because of that momentary task switch. This has been dubbed the “switch cost effect” in the psychology literature .
It suggests that there is always a cost to switching tasks, even if you only get distracted for a second. There is a good reason why distracted driving accounts for 20 percent of all car accidents. What is most shocking about these studies is that they were done 10 to 20 years ago. Can you imagine how things have progressed now that there are so many devices at our fingertips?
Fully equipped with an endless amount of information and choices? Too many choices can be costly on attention. In a series of studies, researchers presented adults with consumer goods or college course options and afterwards had them complete an unrelated task. They found that having many options led to people having lesson subsequent tasks.
Too many choices cause fatigue—it strains your brain’s ability to function, or complete other tasks . And with an abundance of choices at our fingertips, information now comes at us faster than ever, which is also bad for our attention.
For example, when looking at the pace of popular media over the last several decades, researchers have reported much faster newscycle turnover rates, and networks attempting to squeeze more and more information into the same amount of time. Inevitably, we spend less time on any single topic . Another thing that hurts our ability to pay attention is stress and, unfortunately, stress is also on the rise.
Approximately 37 to 49 percent of adults report feeling stressed daily, which is a large increase over the past 20 years. Rates ofare also rising, with a 52 percent increase in new cases of anxiety in young adults since 1990 . Even mild stress can reduce one’s ability to pay attention , and intense stress or .
Indeed, over 7 million US children are diagnosed with ADHD every year, which is a giant increase over the past decade. How do we revive our dying attention spans? The first thing is obvious—try to reduce stress. Research has shown that attentional capacities can be remedied by reducing stress .
Another is to put your phone away when you need to concentrate, as every little sound, text, and notification means you will be less efficient at a task and may even make more mistakes. The last thing is to do your best to choose tasks that have a clearly defined goal, and that you have some internalto complete—something that’s meaningful, and right at the edge of your ability.
Research suggests that tasks like these help you get “in the zone,” or what scientists call a “flow state. ” This is where you can concentrate for long periods. The only way I can get into a flow state is to clear my schedule so I can’t be interrupted.
And instead of taking breaks randomly when you happen to get a text, schedule breaks at natural stopping points, making it easier to pick the task back up again later.environment than ever, it’s not surprising that our attention spans have suffered. This week, try to do something for yourself to reduce stress, eliminate distractions, and stay in the moment—it might be just what you need to enhance your ability to concentrate and get things done more quickly and efficiently.
Brown, N. M., Brown, S. N., Briggs, R. D., Germán, M., Belamarich, P. F., & Oyeku, S. O. . Associations between adverse childhood experiences and ADHD diagnosis and severity. Gonzalez, V., & Mark, G. . Constant, Constant, Multi-tasking Craziness”: Managing Multiple Working Spheres.
In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . Liston, C., McEwen, B. S., & Casey, B. . Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. Skosnik, P. D., Chatterton Jr, R. T., Swisher, T., & Park, S. .
Modulation of attentional inhibition by norepinephrine and cortisol after psychological stress. Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., Schmeichel, B. J., Twenge, J. M., Nelson, N. M., & Tice, D. M. . Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: A limited-resource account of decision making, self-regulation, and active initiative. InYeykelis, L., Cummings, J. J., & Reeves, B. .
Multitasking on a single device: Arousal and the frequency, anticipation, and prediction of switching between media content on a computer. Self Tests are all about you. Are you outgoing or introverted? Are you a narcissist?
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