Understanding why respiratory infections are more common in the winter Respiratory Infection nasal mucosa harvardmed Northeastern CairoUniv jacionline
By Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc.Dec 6 2022Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc. In a recent Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology study, researchers investigate the role of extracellular vesicles in the innate nasal mucosal response to several respiratory viruses.
Previous research has reported that many of the viruses responsible for URIs primarily infect the nasal cavity due to the low temperature within this location as compared to other parts of the body. Nasal mucosa within this cavity is comprised of mucus glycoproteins, the mucociliary escalator, and epithelial tight junctions that collectively form a barrier against inhaled pathogens.
Viral infection leads to release of EVs in nasal epithelial cells Toll-like receptors are transmembrane receptors that are expressed in various cell types, including nasal epithelial cells. Here, TLRs recognize certain components of pathogens attempting to enter the nasal cavity and subsequently initiate both immune and inflammatory responses to limit the infection potential of these infectious agents.
How do nasal EVs inhibit respiratory viruses? The researchers then infected primary human nasal epithelial cells with three different respiratory viruses including CoV_OC43, minor group rhinovirus RV-1B, as well as major group rhinovirus RV-16. Following infection, exposure to TLR3-simulated EVs significantly reduced intracellular virus messenger RNA levels, thus indicating that the EVs effectively inhibited viral replication.
Does temperature impact EV function in the nasal cavity? When external temperatures drop from 23.3 °C to 4.4°C, the intranasal temperature at the anterior and midinferior turbinate similarly drops to 6.4 °C and 4.7 °C, respectively. To replicate these ambient temperature changes in vitro, the researchers reduced the cell culture temperature to 32 °C, as compared to the conventional 37 °C environment.
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