The brain, traditionally considered an immune-privileged organ due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), has its own sophisticated immune defense system.
Xia & He Publishing Inc.Nov 6 2024 The brain, traditionally considered an immune-privileged organ due to the blood-brain barrier , has its own sophisticated immune defense system. Microglia, the primary immune cells of the central nervous system , are crucial for immune surveillance and maintaining brain health. Alongside microglia, astrocytes play a pivotal role in supporting brain functions, including metabolism, neurotransmitter regulation, and maintaining the BBB.
Neuroinflammation and disease progression Chronic neuroinflammation, primarily driven by activated microglia and astrocytes, is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. In Alzheimer's disease, microglia initially clear amyloid-β plaques but, over time, their chronic activation contributes to sustained inflammation and synapse loss. Similarly, astrocytes, especially in their reactive A1 state, exacerbate neuronal damage by releasing cytotoxic substances.
Impact of infections and pathogens on neurological diseases Infectious agents, despite the brain's immune privilege, can infiltrate the CNS and provoke significant inflammatory responses. Pathogens such as neurotropic viruses and bacteria can breach the BBB, leading to conditions like encephalitis or meningitis.
Blood Brain Central Nervous System Chronic Cytokines Genetic Inflammation Medicine Metabolism Microglia Nervous System Neurodegeneration Neurodegenerative Diseases Research
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