'Understanding Modern CPU Architecture(Part 2): Microarchitecture' cpu howdoesacpuwork
The CPU operates on the four-step cycle: Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write back steps. A modern microprocessor has about 15-20 stages, collectively these are called the frontend of the microprocessor. Modern CPUs can run up to 5GHz, the amount of logic in these stages determines how fast the stages or clock can operate.In the last article, we talked about the modern CPU architecture.
Finally the CPU stores the results, sometimes these results are stored locally in Registers, or Memory, this is known as the Write back step. When the branch says to take a different path we need to tell the beginning of the pipeline to redirect to a different instruction. The work that was in progress is thrown away. This is both bad for performance and as well as for power, since we have spent time executing instructions that were not needed for the program's execution. We could avoid speculation by simply stopping every time we saw a branch and just waiting for it to execute and tell us what path in the code to go.
Now CPU frequencies have increased much faster than memory speeds, this means it takes longer to fetch data from memory, and to help offset the long round trip time to main memory and back, we keep local copies of main memory internally in structures known as Caches. The frontend has an instruction cache so that it can read instructions in just one to two cycles instead of the hundreds that may take to go to main memory.
Once instructions have being decoded, the CPU needs to execute them, that brings us to the next step "Execute". There are numerous types of execution operations, like arithmetic operations, Boolean operations, data comparison operations and then decides where next to go in the code, operation as such are known as "branches" as they can steer code to different places.
Some of these instructions are known as branches. This represents a decision point or fork in the road like an exit on a highway. Do we want to keep going or exit now and follow a different path? When a branch is being executed, you are making that decision. As the pipeline grows you get farther and farther away from the answer of which path to take.
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