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A single coral in Fiji that is more than 600 years old has recorded how Pacific Ocean temperatures have varied during its long life.
We combined this long coral record with that from other corals in the Fijian archipelago to construct a master chronology of temperature in Fijian waters. For the period since the 1990s, we have plenty of data from weather buoys, satellites and other instruments to combine with this. Massive corals can live for many years, continuously forming a skeleton of calcium carbonate which accrues in layers on top of the old skeleton. The living part of the coral only occupies the very top few millimetres. As new layers are added, the old skeleton is vacated by the coral, leaving a record of past conditions.
We analysed these elements using mass spectrometry machines which quantify the elemental composition of materials at even very low concentrations.The Pacific Ocean is a major driver of climate variability across the world. Most famously, this involves the Pacific shifting from an El Niño to a La Niña state every few years, when temperature changes in the ocean lead to major shifts in rainfall and the development of cyclones.
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