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Many people assume that medicines sold over the counter are inherently safe. After all, if you can buy something in a supermarket or high street pharmacy, how dangerous can it really be?carry a real risk of dependence, misuse, or harm when taken in higher than recommended doses, for longer than needed, or for the wrong reasons.
is an opioid medicine used to treat mild to moderate pain and, in some formulations, to suppress coughing. Over the counter, it is usually combined with either ibuprofen or paracetamol. Once swallowed, the body converts codeine into morphine, which produces its pain-relieving effects.include drowsiness, constipation, nausea, and dizziness. At higher doses, codeine can slow breathing and impair coordination. Some people are particularly vulnerable.carry a genetic variant that causes them to convert codeine into morphine much faster than usual. This trait is morein people of North African, Middle Eastern, and Oceanian backgrounds and can lead to dangerous side effects even at standard doses.With repeated use, the body can also become tolerant to codeine, meaning the same dose no longer provides the same relief. This process, known as, occurs as the brain's opioid receptors adapt to the drug. People may then increase their dose, raising the risk of physical dependence. Stopping suddenly can cause withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, restlessness, sweating, and sleep problems.Decongestants are available as tablets containing pseudoephedrine or as nasal sprays and drops such as xylometazoline and oxymetazoline. Both work by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and mucus.methamphetaminein"purple drank", a mixture of cough syrup that contains promethazine and soft drinks. This combination can cause extreme sedation, slowed breathing, and serious harm.trigger the gut muscles to move stool along. They are often misused by people with eating disorders, athletes in weight-restricted sports, or those who believe daily bowel movements are essential. In reality,can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and long-term damage to the gut, with serious effects on the heart and kidneys in severe cases. In 2020, the MHRA introduced newThe common thread linking these medicines is not that they are inherently dangerous, but that their risks are often underestimated. Over-the-counter availability can create asuggests misuse persists. Over-the-counter does not always mean risk-free, and better awareness could help keep these medicines useful rather than harmful.
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