Perspective: The Higgs boson turns ten Higgs10
. The red curve shows the potential within the Standard Model. The Higgs field has a value corresponding to a minimum of the potential and the region highlighted in black represents our current experimental knowledge of the potential. Alternative potentials that differ substantially from the Standard Model away from that minimum would be equally consistent with current data.
Aside from providing a powerful way of testing the Higgs mechanism, the interaction of the Higgs boson with other particles is intriguing because it implies the existence of a ‘fifth force’, mediated by the exchange of Higgs bosons.
Experimental studies of the Higgs boson take place at particle colliders. The likelihood of producing a Higgs boson in a collision becomes larger when the particles that collide interact strongly with the Higgs field, that is, when they are heavy. At the high centre-of-mass energies that are required, particle physicists know how to collide just two things: protons and electrons, as well as their antiparticles.
The approach of particle physicists is to exploit the occasional production of heavy particles in the high-energy collision of light particles, and to then have those heavy particles produce a Higgs boson. CERN’s LHC collides protons, which are mostly made of up and down quarks and gluons. The most frequent way of producing a Higgs boson is for a pair of gluons, one from each proton, to collide and create a top quark and a top anti-quark as a very short-lived quantum fluctuation.
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