Reduce emissions, eliminate fossil fuels, supply developing nations with the means for a just energy transition... Here's a look at four highly contested issues of this year's COP28 climate negotiations in Dubai.
In 2015 ratifiers of the Paris Agreement pledged to limit global average temperatures, if possible, to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels through national climate action plans to limit greenhouse gas emissions.
Resources such as oil, coal and natural gas account for 80 percent of the world's energy consumption. But by what date and at what pace remains to be decided. Nor is it clear what role emerging capture technologies -- often characterised as a loophole for emitters -- will play. There will be no agreement without the recognition of a "just energy transition" ensuring a path out of poverty. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change provides the basis for the negotiations.
Nor has it been agreed whether all developing countries should benefit or only those deemed most vulnerable.
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