Researchers have been able to make some key determinations about the first galaxies to exist in one of the first astrophysical studies of the cosmic dawn, the period in the early Universe when the first stars and galaxies formed. Using data from India's SARAS3 radio telescope, the team led by the
The data also reveals something which has been hinted at before, which is that the first stars and galaxies could have had a measurable contribution to the background radiation that appeared as a result of the Big Bang and which has been traveling toward us ever since.
, represent an important step in understanding how our Universe transitioned from mostly empty to one full of stars. This signal is known as the 21-centimeter line – a radio signal produced by hydrogen atoms in the early Universe. Unlike the recently launched JWST, which will be able to directly image individual galaxies in the early Universe, studies of the 21-centimeter line, made with radio telescopes such as the Cambridge-led REACH , can tell us about entire populations of even earlier galaxies. The first results are expected from REACH early in 2023.
In a re-analysis of the SARAS3 data, the Cambridge-led team tested a variety of astrophysical scenarios which could potentially explain the EDGES result, but they did not find a corresponding signal. Instead, the team was able to place some limits on the properties of the first stars and galaxies. “We were looking for a signal with a certain amplitude,” said Harry Bevins, a Ph.D. student from Cambridge’s Cavendish Laboratory and the paper’s lead author. “But by not finding that signal, we can put a limit on its depth. That, in turn, begins to inform us about how bright the first galaxies were.”
The observational study, the first of its kind in many respects, excludes scenarios in which the earliest galaxies were both more than a thousand times as bright as present galaxies in their radio-band emission and were poor heaters of hydrogen gas.
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