THE CONVERSATION: Four ways to spot hints of alien life using the James Webb Space Telescope

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THE CONVERSATION: Four ways to spot hints of alien life using the James Webb Space Telescope
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New telescope allows us to study the atmospheres of planets orbiting stars other than our Sun in unprecedented detail.

On Earth, phosphine is produced by microorganisms, for example in the intestinal tracts of animals. If no life is present, we wouldn’t expect phosphine to occur in large quantities in Venus-like atmospheres, which are dominated by carbon dioxide. That said, we can’t yet rule out other sources of phosphine on Venus.

However, detecting phosphine or ammonia in the atmosphere of a distant exoplanet is likely to be challenging. Both reach tiny concentrations of only a few parts per billion on Earth. So unless our potential extraterrestrials are much stinkier than Earth’s animals, we probably won’t be spotting them any time soon.Individual gases that are unambiguous biosignatures are few and far between, so we might be better off looking for a winning combination if we want to detect life.

So seeing lots of both methane and carbon dioxide coexisting would suggest that something – maybe bacteria – is constantly producing methane.We can apply the above argument to any combination of gases that shouldn’t happily coexist. Life disrupts the chemical equilibrium of its environment because it uses chemical reactions to generate energy.

, for example – we still have to measure how much of these gases are present to draw meaningful conclusions. This isn’t straightforward as the signals can overlap and need to be carefully disentangled.

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