A once-in-a-civilization burst of gamma rays set off an observing spree by more than 160 telescopes. It’s forcing scientists to revisit long-held theories—and it’s not done yet.
On October 9, 2022, Stephen Lesage was at a Major League Soccer game while visiting Atlanta when his phone buzzed and wouldn’t stop. Once he glanced at it, he realized he had to go.
Those high-speed jets move quickly through the star’s outer layers of gas. If one is angled toward Earth, then telescopes first see a pulse preceding the full GRB, the so-called prompt signal. And if the GRB is close enough to Earth, and observatories happen to see down the very center—as was the case with the BOAT—then researchers can study the enigmatic process that launches these cosmic jets.
Until well after midnight following the detection, the Fermi and Swift groups worked together to confirm that the unprecedented signal came from an extremely bright GRB. By the next morning, other researchers were preparing additional telescopes to take a look. According to current theories, these highest-energy photons shouldn’t be able to pass through the universe for two billion years, as seen from GRB 221009A. However, one way to detect these signals is if the very high-energy gamma rays, which then travels unimpeded through the universe and converts back once it reaches our galaxy’s magnetic field.
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