The findings could help keep astronauts healthy on future space missions.
New insights into how cells sense and respond to the weightlessness experienced in space were presented at the annual meeting of the, trigger a unique set of cellular stress responses. Now, researchers have discovered that the protein modifier SUMO plays a critical role in cellular adaptation to simulated microgravity.
SUMO can interact with proteins through two chemical bonds: non-covalent interactions with binding partners or covalent bonding to targetIn yeast cells - a common model organism for studying cellular processes - the researchers examined both types of interactions. They examined cells that had gone through six cellular divisions in either normal Earth gravity or microgravity simulation using a specialized cell culture vessel created by NASA.
They started by comparing the protein expression levels for cells that experienced each gravity condition to determine which microgravity stress impacted cellular processes. They then used mass spectroscopy to more precisely determine which proteins interacted with SUMO to determine what was causing these protein changes.
“Since SUMO can modify several transcription factors, our work may also lead to a better understanding of how it controls various signaling cascades in response to simulated microgravity,” added Miller. The next step for the researchers is to ascertain whether specific proteins lacking the SUMO modification cause harm to the cell when it is placed in a microgravity simulation.
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