Sex matters when it comes to immune responses to vaccines and viral infections Coronavirus Disease COVID Aging Antibody Cell Epidemiology Inflammation Influenza Respiratory Vaccine FrontAging
By Suchandrima BhowmikJul 18 2022Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc. Age and sex have been identified as important indicators of immunity to infectious diseases as well as vaccinations throughout the lifetime of an individual. According to some reports, women's immune systems are stronger than men's. A higher level of inflammation has been reported in older individuals due to impaired immune function.
Study: Roadmap for Sex-Responsive Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccine Research in Older Adults. Image Credit: Rost9 / Shutterstock Sex differences following COVID-19 vaccination in older individuals For COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, female long-term care facility residents were reported to have more significant functional antibodies and IgG titers as compared to males following the first dose of vaccine but not after the second dose. Among recovered LTCFR, higher antibody levels have been observed in females compared to males.
The intersection of age and sex Age-related changes in immunity are observed to be accompanied by changes in the hormonal environment for both females and males, thereby leading to a sex-specific impact on aging. Moreover, a decrease in naïve T cell activity along with an increase in monocyte function with age has been observed more extensively in males as compared to females. This is further associated with a male-specific decrease in B cell transcriptional activity.
Previous research has indicated that frailty is not associated with either pre- or postvaccination HAI titers or antibody responses in both males and females for influenza. Moreover, the information on the impact of frailty on influenza VE was also found to be conflicting.
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