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A photo taken by a scanning electron microscope shows a pit at the surface of a 3D-printed stainless steel part. stainless steel 316L in seawater and discovered that the key players in this corrosion drama are tiny particles called “slags.”
Slags are produced by deoxidizers such as manganese and silicon. In traditional stainless steel 316L manufacturing, these elements are typically added before casting to bind with oxygen and form a solid phase in the molten liquid metal that can be easily removed post-manufacturing.
They were able to zoom in on the slags and uncover their role in the corrosion process in a simulated ocean environment, finding they created discontinuities and allowed the chloride-rich water to penetrate the steel and wreak havoc. Additionally, the slags contain metal inclusions that dissolve when exposed to the seawater-like environment, further contributing to the corrosion process.
“During the process, you locally melt the material with the laser, and then it solidifies very rapidly,” lead investigator Thomas Voisin said. “The rapid cooling freezes the material in a non-equilibrium state; you’re basically keeping the atoms in a configuration that is not supposed to be, and you’re changing the mechanical and corrosion properties of the material.
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