Be it ginger, auburn, or strawberry blond, red hair is here to stay, say geneticists.
With tens of millions of redheads sprinkled throughout the global population, this exotic trait isn't disappearing. On the screen and on the street, strawberry blonds and those with auburn tresses attract attention, and always have.
That is, in part, because red hair is an exotic trait, occurring in just one or two out of every 100 people. While the gene variants that endow flaming locks are rare, redheads are not destined to vanish from the population, despite recurring claims to that effect. “Redheads are not going extinct,” says Katerina Zorina-Lichtenwalter, a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics at University of Colorado, Boulder. To understand why this is so, it’s necessary first to understand why there are redheads in the first place. As it turns out, it’s not only tabloids that are interested in flame-haired people. Scientists are too. There’s more research on the variations in human hair color than you might expect, and the science makes it clear that crimson locks are not becoming increasingly rare, nor will they disappear any time soon., was unearthed from a desert cemetery in northwestern China with intact sepia-colored hair. From the fifth century on in what is now southeast Europe and Turkey, the mythologicalThe gene variants involved are recessive, meaning two copies—one from the mother and one from the father—are required to produce a red-haired child. Only if both parents are redheads can they be almost certain their baby will have fiery hair, Zorina-Lichtenwalter says.author Jacky Colliss Harvey characterizes the odds of having a crimson-haired baby this way: “In the great genetic card game, red hair is the two of clubs. It is trumped by every other card in the pack.”Ginger coloring in people—as well as horses, dogs, pigs, and other mammals—is conferred by just a handful of genetic mutations that both parents must carry. The “redhead gene” was discovered in 1995 by a team including Ian Jackson, now a professor emeritus at Scotland’s University of Edinburgh.plays a key role in producing melanin, the tan pigment that protects skin from ultraviolet radiation and also colors eyes and skin. One type, eumelanin, endows brown or black hair. Pheomelanin creates red or blonde locks and confers light skin and freckles. In people who have red hair, the skin cells that produce pigment have a variant receptor on the cell surface. When exposed to UV light, this variant fails to trigger a switch that changes melanin pigment from yellow/red to the protective brown/black. “is one of several genes that work together to produce dark melanin, and without that switch, you’re going to have light skin,” says Zorina-Lichtenwalter—and easily burn when out in the sun. In their 1995 research, Jackson and his colleagues compared 30 Irish and British redheads with the same number of brunettes. More than 80 percent of rosy-haired and/or fair-skinned people carried variations in theGenetic advantage—and peril Pale coloration bestowed a key advantage to cultures migrating from sunnier regions into northern Europe with its gray skies and short winter days. “There was evolutionary pressure to lose skin pigmentation,” Zorina-Lichtenwalter explains, because lighter skin absorbs more UV, which produces more vitamin D from the limited amount of sunlight in northern regions. Vitamin D helps the body absorb and retain calcium, build stronger bones, and protect against inflammation. These health benefits increased the likelihood that women would survive pregnancy and birth, successfully passing on genes for light skin and red or blonde hair to their offspring. The trait flourished in the United Kingdom and Ireland, where there are, by far, more fair-skinned redheads than anywhere else on Earth. Some unofficial estimates peg the number at around 10 percent.gene mutations linked to crimson hair, light skin, and freckles also allows more UV to reach DNA and damage it. One study found that people carrying a so-called R variant of the. Therefore, Zorina-Lichtenwalter says, “it doesn’t threaten reproductive fitness.” At that age, women have already passed their genes to the next generation. This is why, she says, redheads are unlikely to disappear from the gene pool.When he was working on that 1995 genetic analysis, Jackson knew there was more to understand about the factors conferring red hair. “It seemed logical that there were other genes involved,” he says, but deeper exploration was not yet possible: Genetic research was extremely slow and costly. While rapid advances in genetic technologies and computing had launched the Human Genome Project, the first draft of the genetic map would not be complete until 2001. Now, a quarter-century later, quick, inexpensive genetic research is the norm. Jackson and his colleagues recently revisited their inquiry with resources unthinkable in 1995. They analyzed DNA from thethat affect red hair and skin pigmentation. “To go through and find those genes using the Biobank was very, very satisfying,” Jackson says. This research, published in 2022, identified most of the genetic variation contributing to differences in hair color.variants, according to Jackson, one from each parent. But several other genes also affect whether your hair will be red. “It's a particular combination that gives rise to red hair,” he says. Researchers assigned each of the implicated genes a “genetic risk score”: with some variants exerting higher probability of red locks. Others had much less clout but were still associated. You don’t need all of them to have red hair, Jackson says.is king when it comes to red headedness,” Zorina-Lichtenwalter says. “It has a tremendous amount of say in whether we'll have dark pigmentation or light pigmentation.” More than four-fifths of redheads carrycorrelated the incidence of burnished tresses with place of birth, with more redheads in the country’s north and west. “In the Biobank, you've got the latitude and longitude of birthplace of every individual.” Jackson says. “The further north you were born, the higher the likelihood of having red hair.” Red-haired, light-skinned genetics thrived in remote regions, closed communities, and islands––such as Scotland ; Ireland ; and Britain . While the populations of these countries are no longer cut off from the rest of the world, “when you have an insular population, isolated from others reproductively, then whatever alleles, they rise in frequency from generation to generation,” Zorina-Lichtenwalter says. However, redheads are not only Celts or Caucasians. Their distribution is a testament to the global movement of DNA across societies and landscapes. Althoughin Northern Europe, parts of Russia, and among European descendants in Australia, there are redheads from all ethnicities and races. For example, both Morocco and Jamaica have higher-than-average numbers. The reason, Zorina-Lichtenwalter says, is that several genes are responsible for triggering dark eumelanin production to protect skin. But for hair color, she says “We are not amidst a redhead extinction event Claims that redheads are a dying breed are not new, and some of them were clearly linked to financial gain, Jackson says.,” which is a serious stretch. Climate change is creating more extreme temperature, drought, and flood; but the possibility that it will impact UV radiation enough to alter Northern Hemisphere genetics––within the predicted few hundred years––is slim, says Zorina-Lichtenwalter. The source of this claim was Alistair Moffat, CEO of the now-defunct genetic testing company, with the gene variant that confers flaming hair slowly disappearing. “ was a front, funded by a hair dye and cosmetics company to generate interest in hair color,” Jackson says. While recessive genes can become rare, they don't utterly disappear unless every person who carries that gene either perishes—or does not bear children. And clearly that’s not going to happen. Wherever they live, redheads garner outsized attention, sometimes stigmatized, sometimes admired. As testament to their continued presence in the world, theyin the U.K., France, and Italy, as well as the U.S. The largest may be an event in August, when thousands of gingers from across the world convene in the Netherlands for “
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