An ecological rule breaker shows the effects of climatechange on bodysize evolution yale SciReports
We first compared males and females with Welch two-sample t-tests on PC1 in the overall data set and included sex in all subsequent analyses to account for sexual size dimorphism. All linear models described below were fitted using ordinary least squares and evaluated for fit using diagnostic plots . Multicollinearity was assessed by checking for variance inflation factors below a maximum threshold of 10 for significant interaction terms and 2.5 for significant individual predictors.
To test for Bergmann’s rule and the island rule simultaneously, as well as examine temporal trends, we ran a full linear model on the entire imputed sample , using Latitude, Source , Sex, and Collection Year as predictors of body size . We included interaction terms between all predictors to investigate the possible interplay of these factors in explaining body size variation. We then used backward stepwise selection to obtain the best model using the Akaike information criterion .
We further explored the effects of additional geographic factors on body size in island individuals ; these factors included distance to nearest mainland, maximum sea depth, and island area. Mainland Distance and Sea Depth are proxies for geographical and temporal isolation, respectively.
Finally, we explored the possible ecological factors associated with spatial and temporal patterns in body size variation, using a subset of individuals for which environmental data were available . A Moran’s I test revealed statistically significant spatial autocorrelation in this subset. To account for this bias, we ran a spatial lag model using thewith K-nearest neighbor weights .
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