The hormone oxytocin plays a key role in long-term relationships. But a study of prairie voles finds that the animals mate for life even without help from the 'love hormone.'
The team's experiment was designed to disrupt pair-bonding and other oxytocin-related behaviors in prairie voles.These include parenting, milk production, forming social attachments, and socially monogamous pair bonding.
"One of the behaviors that's really the most adorable is this huddling behavior," Manoli says."They'll sometimes groom. Sometimes they'll just fall asleep because it's very calming. And that's very specific to the pair-bonded partner." Previous studies had found that these behaviors vanish when scientists use drugs to block oxytocin in adult prairie voles. So the team expected they would get a similar result using a gene editing technique to eliminate the oxytocin receptor, a molecule that allows cells to respond to the hormone. This time the team removed fertilized eggs from female prairie voles, edited the genes, and then placed the embryos in females that were hormonally ready for pregnancy. The result was pups that appeared normal. And when these pups grew up, they formed pair bonds just like other prairie voles. The females were even able to produce milk for their offspring, though the amount was less than with unaltered animals. "My initial response was, okay we have to do this three more times because we need to make sure this is 100% real," Manoli says. But repeated experiments confirmed the finding.It's still a mystery what drives pair-bonding in the absence of oxytocin. But it's clear, Manoli says, that"because of evolution, the parts of the brain and the circuitry that are responsible for pair-bond-formation don't rely on oxytocin." In retrospect, he says, the result makes sense because pair bonding is essential to a prairie vole's survival. And evolution tends to favor redundant systems for critical behaviors. The finding could help explain why giving oxytocin to children with autism spectrum disorder doesn't necessarily improve their social functioning, Manoli says."There's not a single pathway," he says."But rather, these complex behaviors have really complicated genetics and complicated neural mechanisms." One possible explanation for the result is that when prairie voles lack an oxytocin system almost from conception, they are able to draw on other systems to develop normally, Carter says. That could mean using a different molecule, vasopressin, Carter says, which also plays a role in social bonding in both humans and prairie voles. And there may be more molecules that have yet to be discovered. A full understanding of the biology underlying social bonds is critical to understanding human behavior, Carter says. It also could explain why humans generally don't thrive without positive relationships, especially during childhood. "We can live without fine clothing. We can live without too much physical protection. But we cannot live without love," Carter says.
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