Perhaps one of our biggest concerns in the artificial intelligence (AI) age is the use of technology in war. We are already seeing a shift in global debates around fears of lethal autonomous weapons systems, or what have popularly been termed killer ...
, Isaac Asimov introduced the three laws of robotics. First, a robot shall not hurt a human or, through its inaction, allow a human to be harmed. Second, a robot shall obey any instruction given to it by a human. Third, a robot shall avoid actions or situations that could cause it to harm itself.
Similarly, the former President of Liberia, Charles Taylor, was charged with war crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment by the International Criminal Court. In this case, this is an easy issue to handle because, as far as these crimes are concerned, an identifiable human agency is involved. The third type is the human out of the loop, where the human is not involved at all, and the AI weapon has full agency. Who to hold accountable becomes complicated here. Is it the engineer who designed the system? If this is the case, how about the fact that these weapons evolve outside the control of their designer and/or manufacturer? Is it the commander who deployed the system?
In December 2020, it was reported that a satellite-controlled machine gun with AI was used to assassinate Iranian nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh. At the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons the following year, a consensus was not reached as to whether or not to ban these weapons, and the debate rages on.
Similarly, the UN Group of Governmental Experts on emerging intelligent technologies in the area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons argues that human accountability cannot be transferred to machines, suggesting human responsibility for decisions must be retained.
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