Tia is the editor-in-chief (premium) and was formerly managing editor and senior writer for Live Science. Her work has appeared in Scientific American, Wired.com, Science News and other outlets.
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Sign up for our skywatching newsletter and explore the universe with us!jokes that he comes from a long line of electricians and plumbers — and that as a gastroenterologist, he's stayed in the family business. That's because the esophagus, the organ that brings food from your mouth to your stomach, is basically a pipe with some electrical wiring, he said. Pandolfino is the chief of gastroenterology and hepatology and director of the Northwestern Medicine Digestive Health Institute. He's begun using"digital twins" to model how individual patients with a swallowing disorder will respond to surgery called a myotomy, which is used to cut the esophagus. In the most futuristic conceptions of a digital twin, doctors would combine nearly identical anatomical replicas of an individual's body with biodata to recommend highly personalized medicine or procedures.Could gut microbes hold the secret to aging well? A researcher unpacks the emerging science 'It could revolutionize, completely, the way we treat depression': Researchers are exploring promising immune therapy for treating psychiatric symptoms The digital twins Pandolfino's team has developed aren't quite that advanced: They use dimensionally accurate virtual models to re-create the pressure and motion of the esophagus. He and his colleagues have recently started a 400-person clinical trial that will investigate whether using these virtual clones to guide surgery will result in better outcomes for patients. We spoke with Pandolfino about the future of digital twins, whether they could reduce animal testing, and how they could be used in organs beyond the esophagus, like the heart and bladder.You're using a digital twin in a condition called achalasia. Can you tell me more about what this condition is?The esophagus, you know, its main job is to push things down into your stomach once it enters the esophagus. And then when something refluxes up, the esophagus also has to push it down to protect you from aspirating and getting it into your lungs. What happens in achalasia is, the lower esophageal sphincter, which is kind of the barrier that separates the esophagus and the stomach, doesn't open up. It doesn't relax. Achalasia actually means failure to relax. When that muscle doesn't relax and open, the food just accumulates in your esophagus and you literally, almost, start drowning on your own saliva and food. So it could be a deadly disease.Get the world’s most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox.Receive email from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors What was interesting was that we noticed after treating patients, they were developing this diverticulum , and we didn't really understand why this was happening. So we asked the mathematical model, the virtual esophagus — we actually gave it a bunch of options. We changed a lot of the variables, like what type of surgery are they having? How long did they cut the muscle? Did they include something called an anti-reflux procedure, where you kind of take part of the stomach and wrap it around the esophagus so you wouldn't get reflux? Would it matter what kind of motility problem they had? There's different subtypes of achalasia. So would some subtypes be better than others? We went through this whole process. How deep would you cut the muscle? And we just ran simulations. Dr. John Pandolfino has developed a"digital twin" virtual model of the esophagus that he hopes will help guide surgery and lead to better outcomes.So it took a couple months of training this and letting it run through millions and millions of scenarios to show what would happen. And in the end, the model actually predicted what would be the best surgery, and it also predicted which patients would be at highest risk to develop the complication. So with that information, we then submitted an NIH grant that focused on looking at two different types of surgery: the standard approach versus one that's modified by the virtual esophagus, so what the virtual esophagus picked. So we are going to test this standard approach, which works pretty well, versus this other approach. And we believe we've modeled the study so that they look equivalent, but we believe the new one will have less reflux and less diverticulum development. Tooth-in-eye surgery, 'blood chimerism,' and a pregnancy from oral sex: 12 wild medical cases we covered in 2025 That was the week in science: Second earthquake hits Japan | Geminids to peak | NASA loses contact with Mars probe 'The ban assumed the danger was making pigs too human': Why human organs aren't grown in pigs in the US What you're describing seems like a far cry from what people are describing as a canonical digital twin, where you integrate all the key chemicals and signaling processing involved, all the mechanical forces and all the real-time data from wearables and medical imaging. How far away do you think we are from that type of digital twin?In terms of getting into the molecular structure and the actin and how muscles contract and the calcium influxes, I think that we're really far away. We've just learned how the proteins fold; developing a mathematical model of the cell is going to take a pretty long time. But I think, mechanically, we can do this, and the great thing is that this approach canbe adopted across all organ systems — the bladder, the aorta, the left ventricle. These processes where you rely completely on the mechanics of transport — now, we can take this and apply it across those .So what you envision right now being pretty close is mainly for pump-and-tube-type systems and largely for surgeries. Do you see it as having prognostic or diagnostic value?It certainly will have prognostic value because you get to the point where you can pick up scenarios where medications will have no effect anymore, right? So, if someone gets to the point where they have deformation of the wall, that wall is gone. No medicine you give them is going to make them better.People have floated the idea that a digital twin could be used to supplant some animal research and clinical trial data.If you're looking at surgeries, you wouldn't need to do this on animals. You would do this on a simulation, like we have, to see what the effects are, and then you could actually go from that to various changes in humans. That's exactly what happened here: Our virtual esophagus proved what we thought would probably be the right way to do this. So it proved our hypothesis mathematically, and now we're embarking on a human trial.But most animal research, I would guess, is focused on testing new compounds that could have therapeutic potential, right? So, do you think it has much potential there?Those studies where they give a mouse like 50 times the dose that a human would get to see, is it going to kill it? I don't think affect that. What it will do is, it'll take us away from using animals for surgery. In addition, I do think that this is going to lead us to an area where we will be able to create much better models for simulation. So we'll understand a lot more regarding the material properties of the organs, how they respond to stress and strain, and develop simulations that run not just in the virtual world but actually have tactile twins, right? So something that actually is made from a material that simulates the esophagus or simulates an organ almost perfectly so that when you're cutting it, it's the same feel.Exactly. But you know, there's just a lot you can learn from understanding one part of the human anatomy and function, because the body doesn't come up with totally different ways to do things. It repeats it, and it just may make it bigger or smaller, use a slightly different length. all work pretty similarly. They have a tube that has some contraction. There are sphincters that open up and close. If you even look at the esophagastric junction, the valve that's at the anti-reflux barrier, it's very similar to the ano-rectal junction where you have a bowel movement. And, in fact, if you look at the physiology of how you have a bowel movement and how you swallow and protect yourself from having reflux, they're literally just reversed.Yeah, even in the esophagus. I mean reflux heartburn affects like a fifth of the country. And really, reflux is not an issue of too much acid. Most people who have reflux have normal acid. It's more of an anatomy and a physiology issue. So, you know, our approach will allow us to hopefully modify a lot of the surgeries that are being done for reflux and even maybe help create less-invasive approaches that work. So, just in the GI in general, in the esophagus, it's going to have a lot more application. And then even in people who may have bladder issues, an overactive bladder or maybe a hypoactive bladder, how do you assess that in relationship to flow and emptying of the bladder? similar in aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysm is basically a diverticulum. It's just a pressure-related change in the anatomy where it basically balloons out. And when it balloons out, because it balloons, it loses its function, and then the blood's not pumping right.Tia is the editor-in-chief and was formerly managing editor and senior writer for Live Science. Her work has appeared in Scientific American, Wired.com, Science News and other outlets. She holds a master's degree in bioengineering from the University of Washington, a graduate certificate in science writing from UC Santa Cruz and a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. Tia was part of a team at the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel that published the Empty Cradles series on preterm births, which won multiple awards, including the 2012 Casey Medal for Meritorious Journalism.'The ban assumed the danger was making pigs too human': Why human organs aren't grown in pigs in the US The 'sweet spot' of overconfidence — project a bit to be perceived as competent, but don't be 'too seduced,' a cognitive neuroscientist explains in a Q&A 'Humans can't be considered to be separate from the environment': Award-winning scientist Meha Jain on using satellites and real world experiences to help farmers in India facing a precarious future 'It's really an extraordinary story,' historian Steven Tuck says of the Romans he tracked who survived the AD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius
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