The Moon is known for its numerous craters that preserve the scars of turbulence from above.
from above. But just beneath the shattered lunar surface lies evidence of a succession of lava flows, detailing a different kind of chaos in the Moon's past arising from below.
Jianqing Feng, an astrophysicist at the Planetary Science Institute in Arizona, and his colleagues in China and the UK wanted to expand on previous studies of the lunar subsurface that fell, well, a little flat. Like those previous studies, Feng and his colleagues analyzed data from the Chang'e-4 rover, which landed on thein 2019. Only this time they had much more data to work with beyond Chang'e-4's first few lunar days, and peered deeper into the lunar surface using lower frequencies of ground-penetrating radar.
Lunar penetrating radar is an instrument aboard Chang'e-4. It emits pulsing signals into the lunar subsurface as the rover moseys along. If these radar signals strike a clear contrast between two subsurface materials with different properties, they get reflected back up to the surface where the receiver awaits.
Aside from an old crater hidden by debris and soil flung from nearby impacts, Feng and colleagues found nothing too unusual in the top 40 meters of the Moon."Through this investigation, we have discovered multiple layers in the upper 300 meters, which likely indicate a series of basalt eruptions that occurred billions of years ago," Feng and colleagues
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