Female elephants adapted to poachers by losing their tusks.
to survive in sweltering cities and insects becoming resistant to pesticides. “Most of what we know comes from relatively small animals that are very abundant and have very quick generation times,” Campbell-Staton says. These changes are harder to track in large, long-lived animals that reproduce slowly, such as elephants.After the Mozambican Civil War ended, people began to notice that tuskless elephants had become more common in Gorongosa National Park.
He and his colleagues ran computer simulations of the waning population from 1972 to 2000. They concluded that the odds of winding up with a population in which half the females were missing tusks were very slim, unless this characteristic was giving the elephants a survival advantage. Campbell-Staton and his team next searched for differences in the genomes of tusked versus tuskless elephants. They identified two genes related to tooth development that might have contributed to the rise of tuskless females. One, calledThe other is known asand is involved in enamel production.
“That puts us in a real pickle,” Poulsen says. “It also means that we can’t sort of depend on evolution to get us out of this problem of unsustainable killing of elephants…we still need management and we still need policy efforts to try to conserve elephants.”
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