For a long time, little attention was paid to soil temperatures. In contrast to air temperatures near the surface, hardly any reliable data was available because of the considerably more complex measurement. A research team leaded by the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) has now found not only that soil and air temperatures can differ, but also that climate change has a much greater impact on the intensity and frequency of heat extremes in the soil than in the air.
For the study, the research team, coordinated by UFZ remote sensing scientist Dr. Almudena García-García, collected data from a wide range of sources: data from meteorological measuring stations, remote sensing satellites, the ERA5-Land data reanalysis set, and simulations of Earth system models. The researchers fed these data into the TX7d index, which is defined as the average of the daily maximum temperature in the hottest week of the year.
"This means that heat extremes develop much faster in the soil than in the air," García-García, lead author of the study. Based on the data available, this is especially true in Germany, Italy, and southern France. In terms of figures, according to station data, the intensity of heat extremes in Central Europe is increasing 0.7°C/decade faster in the soil than in the air.
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