An article published in BMCMedicine reports that separate and combined coffee and tea consumption were inversely associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
]. Body mass index was derived from physical measurement and calculated by dividing weight over height squared. General health status was categorized as excellent, good, fair, and poor. Information on chronic diseases was collected from touchscreen questionnaires, medical examinations, and hospital inpatient records.Mortality information was obtained from death certificates, which were provided by the NHS Information Centre and the NHS Central Register Scotland for the date of death.
]. In our analysis, the null hypothesis was rejected and concluded that there was a nonlinear relationship between separate coffee and tea consumption with all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality. In the spline models, we adjusted for potential confounders including sex, age, ethnicity, education levels, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake frequency, physical activity, dietary pattern, general health status, hypertension, diabetes, and depression.
In addition, we performed subgroup analyses to assess potential modification effects and determine whether there was any population heterogeneity according to age, sex, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intake frequency, dietary pattern, hypertension, diabetes, and depression. The interactions between baseline characteristics and combined coffee and tea consumption were examined using the likelihood ratio test .Additional analyses were further conducted.
In total, 498,158 participants age: 58 [50-63]; 54% female) were included in this analysis. The proportion of < 1–2 cups/day of coffee and 2–4 cups/day of tea were 46.1% (
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Prednisolone does not improve olfactory function after COVID-19: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial - BMC MedicineBackground Prednisolone has been suggested as a treatment for olfactory disorders after COVID-19, but evidence is scarce. Hence, we aimed to determine the efficacy of a short oral prednisolone treatment on patients with persistent olfactory disorders after COVID-19. Methods We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-centered trial in the Netherlands. Patients were included if they were | 18 years old and if they had persistent (| 4 weeks) olfactory disorders within 12 weeks after a confirmed COVID-19 test. The treatment group received oral prednisolone 40 mg once daily for 10 days and the placebo group received matching placebo. In addition, all patients performed olfactory training. The primary outcome was the objective olfactory function on Sniffin’ Sticks Test (SST) 12 weeks after the start of treatment, measured in Threshold-Discrimination-Identification (TDI) score. Secondary outcomes were objective gustatory function assessed by the Taste Strip Test (TST) and subjective self-reported outcomes on questionnaires about olfactory, gustatory and trigeminal function, quality of life, and nasal symptoms. The CONSORT 2010 guideline was performed. Results Between November 2021 and February 2022, we included 115 eligible patients, randomly assigned to the treatment (n = 58) or placebo group (n = 57). No difference in olfactory function between groups was obtained after 12 weeks. Median TDI score on SST was 26.8 (IQR 23.6–29.3) in the placebo group and 28.8 (IQR 24.0–30.9) in the prednisolone group, with a median difference of 2.0 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.5). There was similar improvement on olfactory function in both groups after 12 weeks. Furthermore, on secondary outcomes, we obtained no differences between groups. Conclusions This trial shows that prednisolone does not improve olfactory function after COVID-19. Therefore, we recommend not prescribing prednisolone for patients with persistent olfactory disorders after COVID-19. Trial registration Thi
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