Human papillomavirus is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer. These are five things to know to understand risk factors, diagnosis, and the latest treatments.
, where access to preventive care and treatment is limited. In contrast, the incidence and mortality rates in the United States have declined substantially due to widespread implementation offrom a multistep transformation process triggered by persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV , most notably HPV 16 and 18.
These oncogenic strainsprotein , respectively, and promote genomic instability. The progression from infection to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and eventually invasive carcinoma may takeThe World Health Organization1. HPV vaccination and screening remain the most powerful tools for prevention.) every 3 years, while those aged 30-65 may choose between cytology every 3 years, high-risk HPV testing every 5 years, or cotesting every 5 years.recommend beginning screening at age 25 with HPV testing as the preferred method. No routine screening is recommended for women younger than 21, older than 65, or those who have undergone a HPV vaccination has transformed cervical cancer prevention. Vaccination before the age of 17 has been shown to reduce cervical cancer incidence by, and growing evidence supports that a single dose may be as effective as a full series, which could simplify implementation in low-resource settings.and fully at-home HPV testing in 2025. These regulatory changes represent a major shift in cervical cancer screening accessibility. Clinical trials have demonstrated that theincreasing screening rates in medically underserved communities , including individuals with limited access to healthcare, cultural stigma surrounding pelvic exams, or logistical barriers to in-person visits. By reducing these obstacles,high-risk HPV is a necessary precursor to most cervical cancersis among the most well-established risk factors, doubling the risk of squamous cell carcinoma by impairing local immune defenses in the cervix.is consistently associated with higher cervical cancer incidence and worse outcomes, largely due to reduced access to screening and timely care.When symptoms do occur , they often include abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as post-coital or intermenstrual bleeding, watery or malodorous vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia. As the disease advances, moreLack of participation in cervical cancer screening is a key reason for late-stage diagnosison disease stage, type of cervical cancer, patient comorbidities and age, desire for fertility preservation, and whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred.may be considered as a palliative option for women who are not eligible for surgery or have medical contraindications to other treatments.. Brachytherapy is an essential component of treatment for curative intent. Recent data suggest that induction chemotherapy before chemoradiation may improve survival outcomes in some patients, although this approach is still under investigation.Commenting is limited to medical professionals. To comment please . Comments on Medscape are moderated and should be professional in tone and on topic. You must declare any conflicts of interest related to your comments and responses. Please see ourFast Five Quiz: Recurrent/Metastatic Cervical Cancer
Malignant Neoplasm Of The Cervix Cancer Malignant Neoplasia Carcinoma Malignant Neoplasm Vaccines Squamous Carcinoma Squamous Cancer Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis Metastatic Carcinoma Metastatic Cancer Metastases Human Papillomavirus HPV Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Biologic Therapy Biologics Acute Pain Genomics Genomic Medicine Fellowship Fellows Residency
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