New research reveals the earliest molecular evidence of HPV16, a cancer-causing virus, in ancient human remains, potentially transmitted by Neanderthals. The findings, from the analysis of genetic data of two ancient individuals, complicate the understanding of human evolution and the origins of the virus.
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Archaeology1.5 million-year-old Homo erectus face was just reconstructed — and its mix of old and new traits is complicating the picture of human evolution The mummy of Ötzi the Iceman, displayed at the Archaeological Museum of Bolzano, Italy, holds remnants of a cancer-causing strain of human papillomavirus .Scientists analyzed ancient genetic data previously collected from the individuals, and found that both were likely infected with HPV16, a preprint paper posted toon Dec. 16, reported. In the study, which has yet to undergo peer-review, the authors present what they say is the"earliest molecular evidence" of HPV16 in modern humans., who overlapped with us in Eurasia from around 60,000 to 34,000 years ago in Eurasia, were the ones who transmitted the virus to us, the researchers said. But the team acknowledged that their sample size of two is small, so it's still hard to know where HPV16 originated.HPV encompasses a diverse family of viruses that are primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin or sexual contact, and they are commonly foundtoday. Most infections are symptomless but in a small fraction of cases, HPV16 and other high-risk types can fuel the While the clinical significance of papillomaviruses is well understood, little is known about their occurrence among prehistoric human populations. In the study, the authors explored a long-standing question of how far back cancer-linked papillomaviruses — particularly HPV16 — have circulated in modern humans, study co-author, a professor at the Center for Medical Bioinformatics at the Medical School of the Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, told Live Science in an email. "The results indicate that HPV16 has been associated with anatomically modern humans for a very long time, likely well before major population splits outside Africa," or before 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, Briones said."This supports the idea that oncogenic human papillomaviruses are not recent pathogens but long-term companions of their hosts, evolving alongside primates and humans over extended evolutionary timescales." The researchers re-analyzed publicly available genome sequencing datasets for both Ötzi and the Siberian man, known as Ust'-Ishim. These individuals were chosen because they represent two of the best-preserved and best-characterized ancient human genomes available, Briones said.Get the world’s most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox.Receive email from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors Ötzi is a naturally mummified man whose 5,300-year-old remains were discovered in 1991 high in the Alps mountain range on the Austria-Italy border. His remarkably well-preservedhave since provided a rare glimpse into prehistoric life in the region. The Ust'-Ishim man, meanwhile, who was discovered in 2008, lived around 45,000 years ago in what is now western Siberia. His remains — a single leg bone — yielded one of the oldest modern human genomes ever to be fully Briones and colleagues searched the genetic datasets for DNA fragments matching known HPV genomes. They found multiple DNA fragments matching HPV16 in both individuals, suggesting the virus was present in them. Most previous hypotheses about when HPV16 emerged in modern humans relied on computer models of how the virus evolves over time. These suggest the virus has ancient evolutionary origins but lacked direct biological confirmation, according to the researcher. In general, computer models suggest that papillomaviruses likely co-evolved with vertebrates for hundreds of millions of years.Widespread cold virus you've never heard of may play key role in bladder cancer 1,300-year-old poop reveals pathogens plagued prehistoric people in Mexico's 'Cave of the Dead Children' While the preprint does not address the ultimate origins of HPVs as a group, it does show at least one high-risk type was present in modern humans at least 45,000 years ago., interim co-chair of the immunobiology department at the University of Arizona who was not involved in the study, told Live Science in an email he"largely" agreed with the paper's conclusions, noting the authors"rigorously demonstrated" that both individuals were likely infected with HPV16."I am genuinely excited about the implications of this study because it supports some critical assumptions about the history of this family of important viruses," Van Doorslaer said. However, Van Doorslaer said the proposal of the study authors that their findings present a challenge to the idea that HPV16A first entered our species due to Neanderthal interbreeding"may be overstated" in light of the data presented. In part, because Ust'-Ishim was previously shown to have Neanderthal DNA in his genome,"suggesting that the interbreeding pre-dates Ust'-Ishim's life," Van Doorslaer said."So since this sample both has Neanderthal DNA and HPV16 DNA, it does not prove that HPV16 does not come from Neanderthals."Aristos is a freelance science reporter who has previously worked for Newsweek, IBTimes UK and The World Weekly. He is particularly focused on archaeology and paleontology, although he has covered a wide variety of topics ranging from astronomy and mental health, to geology and the natural world. He holds a joint bachelor's degree in English and history from the University of Nottingham, and a master's from City St George's, University of London.'An extreme end of human genetic variation': Ancient humans were isolated in southern Africa for nearly 100,000 years, and their genetics are stunningly different Astronomers may have already spotted the 'Great Comet of 2026' — and it could soon be visible to the naked eye Astronomers may have already spotted the 'Great Comet of 2026' — and it could soon be visible to the naked eye
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