A Nature research paper suggests that the Milky Way may have evolved in different phases, beginning with the formation of disk stellar populations about thirteen billion years ago
reveals a remarkable feature, namely that the star-formation rate of the old disk reached a prominent maximum at around 11.2 Gyr ago, apparently just when the merger with the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus satellite galaxy was completed, and then continuously declined with time. The most obvious interpretation of this coincidence is that the perturbation from the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus satellite galaxy greatly enhanced the star formation of the old disk.
Note that this star-formation peak among the old disk stars ~11 Gyr ago is very consistent with earlier indications of such a peak based on abundances onlyTo put our results into the bigger picture of galaxy formation and evolution, the multiple assembly phases are seen to be universal among present-day star-forming galaxies. Using the IllustriesTNG simulation, Wang et al.
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