Earth's hot and churning insides are largely still a mystery to scientists.
to the magma that seeps from mid-ocean ridges. Molten material that bursts from volcanoes on land contains less iron, making it significantly lighter. This is the key that allows land to float above Earth's mantle, while oceanic crust forms a lower basin.
Simulating the heat and pressure of these subduction zones in the lab, Cottrell and her colleague Megan Holycross, an atmospheric scientist at Cornell University, measured the iron and iron oxide levels of simulated continental crust. Even with a pressure 15,000 to 30,000 times greater than Earth's atmosphere, the crystals of silicate material, known as garnet, failed to remove enough iron from the rock to account for the unique composition of Earth's continental crust.
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