An international and interdisciplinary team, led by Dr. Ralph Araque Gonzalez, an archaeologist from the Faculty of Humanities in Freiburg, has confirmed that steel tools were in use in Europe nearly 2900 years ago. Through geochemical analyses, the team determined that stone stelae found on the Ibe
rian peninsula from the Final Bronze Age contain intricate engravings that could only have been created using tempered steel.
The result was also confirmed experimentally by undertaking trials with chisels made of various materials: only the chisel made of tempered steel was suitably capable of engraving the stone. Until recently it was assumed that it was not possible to produce suitable quality steel in the Early Iron Age and certainly not in the Final Bronze Age, and that it only came to be widespread in Europe under the Roman Empire.
The study ‘Stone-working and the earliest steel in Iberia: Scientific analyses and experimental replications of final bronze age stelae and tools’ has been published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.The archaeological record of Late Bronze Age Iberia is fragmentary in many parts of the Iberian Peninsula: sparse remains of settlement and nearly no detectable burials are complemented by traces of metal hoarding and remains of mining activities.
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