An act of Congress a century ago guaranteed citizenship to wary Native Americans in an age of forced assimilation and marked the outset of a long, arduous journey to secure voting rights that were denied for several more decades.
FILE - U.S. President Calvin Coolidge wears a Native American headdress of the Sioux tribe as he is adopted as Chief Leading Eagle and first white chief of the tribe at the celebration of the 51st anniversary of the settlement of Deadwood, South Dakota, in 1927. Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.
That legislation took shape in the aftermath of World War I in which thousands of Native Americans had volunteered to serve overseas in the military. The state's new voting rights legislation for Native Americans provides new tools for tribal communities to request convenient on-reservation voting sites and secure ballot deposit boxes with consultation requirements for county clerks and an appeals process.
Native Americans have held widely divergent views about citizenship and voting, said Torey Dolan, a research fellow at the University of Wisconsin Law School and citizen of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. Some view U.S. citizenship as incompatible with being Indigenous people; others see it more like dual citizenship.
A 1956 federal survey of Native voting in the Southwest found anemic participation, with no polling places set up at New Mexico pueblos. In Arizona, Jim Crow-style discrimination set in with widespread application of literacy tests to block Native-language speakers from voting until the practice was barred in 1970 under the federal Voting Rights Act.
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100 years ago, US citizenship for Native Americans came without voting rights in swing statesAn act of Congress a century ago guaranteed citizenship to wary Native Americans in an age of forced assimilation and marked the outset of a long, arduous journey to secure voting rights that were denied for several more decades
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